Feasibility Analysis of Integrated Solid Waste Management in a Municipality Area

Abstract

Waste generation includes processes whereby materials are disposed of or thrown away when it is determined that they are no longer valuable in their current state. The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 provide a definition of solid waste that includes treated biomedical waste (excluding biomedical waste and e-waste), battery waste, radioactive waste generated under local authorities, street sweepings, silt removed or collected from surface drains, horticulture waste, agriculture and dairy waste, and other non-residential wastes. Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a vital service provided by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to its citizens to ensure a healthier environment, standard of living, health and sanitation facilities. Although an obligatory function, the SWM service has been an area of concern for urban centers of all sizes especially with changing patterns of lifestyle and behavior. A typical SWM value chain comprises of the following steps: • Waste generation and storage • Segregation, reuse, and recycling at the household level • Primary waste collection and transport to a transfer station or community bins • Street sweeping and cleansing of public places • Management of the transfer station or community bin • Secondary collection and transport to the waste disposal site/ processing facility • Processing of waste using appropriate technologies • Disposal of inert/ residual waste in landfills Recognizing the importance of solid waste management, the Government of Haryana has initiated steps to improve SWM in the state of Haryana by planning cluster based integrated solid waste management facilities. This task is entrusted with Directorate of Urban Local Bodies (DULB), Government of Haryana. According to the 2011 Census, there are 93 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the state of Haryana, home to over 88 lakh people. The amount of MSW produced by these ULBs is approximately 5676 TPD, and by 2042, it is probably going to exceed 7,675 TPD. Thirteen clusters, consisting of shared treatment and disposal facilities, have been formed from the 93 ULBs. Setting up an integrated SWM system for every cluster has been suggested. Such a Analysis must be created with cost recovery mechanisms established for long-term viability and affordable service delivery guaranteed. It will also minimize its impact on the environment and maximize resource recovery.

Introduction

Role of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Solid Waste Management (SWM):
Under the Indian Constitution, SWM is primarily a state responsibility but is executed by urban local bodies (ULBs) at the municipal level, as mandated by the 74th Constitutional Amendment. ULBs are responsible for planning, implementing, and maintaining solid waste management systems in their cities and towns. They can also engage the private sector under regulated agreements to improve service delivery.

Research Methodology for Haryana’s SWM:
Haryana generates about 5,676 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) daily, expected to rise to over 7,675 tons by 2042. The Directorate of Urban Local Bodies proposes cluster-based integrated SWM facilities through public-private partnerships. The methodology involves assessing current infrastructure, waste generation, composition, and treatment capacity, and projecting future needs based on demographic and economic trends. A cluster approach groups ULBs within a 50 km radius for optimized waste management.

Cluster Formation - Karnal Cluster:
The Karnal cluster includes multiple ULBs generating around 490 tons of waste daily, projected to reach 738 tons by 2027. Three approaches to MSW management are discussed: centralized, decentralized, and hybrid.

• Centralized approach: Waste is collected and processed at large, centralized facilities using advanced technologies such as composting and waste-to-energy. It offers economies of scale but involves higher transport costs.

• Decentralized approach: Waste is managed closer to the source through multiple Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs), reducing transport costs and fostering local employment and community involvement. It treats waste at ward levels and promotes segregation and recycling.

Each approach has its pros and cons, and the choice depends on factors like local resources, waste volume and type, socio-economic conditions, and available land.

Data Collection and Assessment:
Effective waste management requires detailed data on population, economic activities, waste generation rates, waste composition, and existing infrastructure. This data informs gap analysis, future projections, and policy formulation to guide infrastructure investment, promote sustainable practices, and ensure regulatory compliance.

Conclusion

Thirteen cluster-based MSW treatment plants have been proposed in Haryana based on many variables such free land pockets, existing treatment plants, and the best distance for transporting garbage. Karnal cluster is one such cluster comprising of Indri, Nilokheri, Taraori, Karnal, Gharaunda, Nissing, Thanesar, Shahabad, Ladwa, Kaithal, Kalayat, Rajound, Assandh, Pundri, CheekaPehowa, Ismailabad and Siwan ULBs. The cluster generates about 490 TPD of waste and the quantity is probably will rise to 738 TPD by 2027 Thirteen cluster-based MSW treatment plants have been proposed in Haryana based on many variables such free land pockets, existing treatment plants, and the best distance for transporting garbage. Karnal cluster is one such cluster comprising of Indri, Nilokheri, Taraori, Karnal, Gharaunda, Nissing, Thanesar, Shahabad, Ladwa, Kaithal, Kalayat, Rajound, Assandh, Pundri, CheekaPehowa, Ismailabad and Siwan ULBs. The cluster generates about 490 TPD of waste and the quantity is probably will rise to 738 TPD by 2027 The overall project has been designed considering the year 2027 which accounts for the time taken in bid process management, bid finalization, construction & commissioning of the plant and year on year expansion in population growth and subsequently in waste generation quantity which will be approximately 638 TPD for Karnal (assuming 3% YOY increase in population and 300-450 g/capita waste generation). Accordingly, the cost estimation of collection, transportation as well as processing facility is considered for the year 2027. The total capital expenditure of the project has been estimated to be 221.26. Currently, the combined urban population of Karnal cluster has been estimated to be 1516422 which translates into solid waste generation quantity of 490 tons per day. Due to the unavailability of any waste processing plant in the cluster, the waste is currently dumped unscientifically in designated dumpsites. Moreover, some ULBs doesn’t have sufficient vehicles for collection and transportation of waste to the dumpsites which gives rise to roadside dumping and Garbage Vulnerable Points (GVPs). Therefore, an Integrated Solid Waste Management approach is needed in the cluster. After thorough analysis of the waste generation quantity, waste characterization and current solid waste management scenario of the ULBs in the cluster, a waste to compost plant of 738 TPD capacity has been proposed for Karnal cluster.

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Copyright © 2025 Rajesh Kumar, Dr. Sanjay Sharma. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.